文章 Postman L, Phillips LW (1965) Short-term temporal changes in free recall. Q J Exp Psychol 17: 132–138.

被如下文章引用： • TITLE: • AUTHORS:,,, • JOURNAL NAME: DOI: Sep 11, 2014 • ABSTRACT: Real-world sounds like speech or traffic noise typically exhibit spectro-temporal variability because the energy in different spectral regions evolves differently as a sound unfolds in time. However, it is currently not well understood how the energy in different spectral and temporal portions contributes to loudness. This study investigated how listeners weight different temporal and spectral components of a sound when judging its overall loudness. Spectral weights were measured for the combination of three loudness-matched narrowband noises with different center frequencies. To measure temporal weights, 1,020-ms stimuli were presented, which randomly changed in level every 100 ms. Temporal weights were measured for each narrowband noise separately, and for a broadband noise containing the combination of the three noise bands. Finally, spectro-temporal weights were measured with stimuli where the level of the three narrowband noises randomly and independently changed every 100 ms.

Postman And Phillips Serial Position Effect Graph. SERIAL POSITION CURVE. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Serial Position Effect Quizlet.

Wow Hits 2014 Download Rar on this page. The data consistently showed that (i) the first 300 ms of the sounds had a greater influence on overall loudness perception than later temporal portions (primacy effect), and (ii) the lowest noise band contributed significantly more to overall loudness than the higher bands. The temporal weights did not differ between the three frequency bands.

Notably, the spectral weights and temporal weights estimated from the conditions with only spectral or only temporal variability were very similar to the corresponding weights estimated in the spectro-temporal condition. The results indicate that the temporal and the spectral weighting of the loudness of a time-varying sound are independent processes. The spectral weights remain constant across time, and the temporal weights do not change across frequency. The results are discussed in the context of current loudness models.

A variety of different memory tasks have revealed that not all items in a list were equally likely to be remembered. For instance, a very common method used to study memory was the free recall experiment. In this kind of experiment, subjects are presented a list of to-be-remembered items, which could be digits, words, or nonsense syllables. At the end of the list, subjects are given a set period of time (e.g., two minutes) in which they write down as many of the presented items as they recall.

They can write these items down in any order, which is why the method is called free recall. While the subject can recall items in any order that he or she pleases, the experimenter generally plots the probability that an item is correctly recalled as a function of its position in the list, producing what is known as a serial position curve (see Figure 5-1). All things being equal, serial position curves routinely demonstrate, regardless of list length, a primacy effect in which the first three or four items in the list are better recalled than the middle items of the list. Serial position curves also typically reveal a recency effect in which the last three or four items in the list are also better recalled than the middle items (e.g., Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966, Exp. 1; Postman & Phillips, 1965).

References: • Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5(4), 351-360. • Postman, L., & Phillips, L. Short-term temporal changes in free recall. Yo Yo Honey Singh Choot Vol1 Song Free Download. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 17, 132-138.

(Revised October 2010).